Kidney Diseases

A kidney disease is an illness or disorder that affects the functioning of kidneys with respect to filtration ,re-absorption and secretion.

Types—

• Glomerular Diseases
• Acute Renal Failure (ARF)
• Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)
• Polycystic Disease Of Kidney
• Renal Calculi

Glomerular  Diseases

Classification–

    A.  Clinical

• Acute nephritic syndrome
• Asymptomatic haematuria/Proteinuria
• Chronic glomerulonephritis
• Hypertension
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
• Recurrent macroscopic haematuria

B. Clinico-pathological

1. Non-Proliferative

• Minimal change   nephropathy
• Membranous nephropathy
• Focal and segmental Glomerulosclerosis 

2. Proliferative

• Diffuse mesangial proliferation with IgM deposition
• Diffuse membrane proliferation with IgA deposition
• Diffuse endothelial proliferative glomerulonephritis
• Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis
• Anti-GBM disease
• Crescenteric glomerulonephritis

CAUSES—-

General

1. Secondary and Systemic Disorder

• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Diabetes
• Goodpasture’s syndrome
• Bronchiectasis

2. Anti-hypertensive medicines

• Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
• Angiotensin receptor blockers

3. Hereditary

• Alport Syndrome
• Thin membrane basement disease
• Familial clusters

4. Infection

• • Viral
    • Hepatitis B
    • HIV
    • Echovirus
    • Mumps
    • Varicella
    • Cytomegalovirus
  • Bacteria
    • Heamolytic streptococcus
    • Pneumococcus
    • Klebseilla
    • Gonococcus
    • Staphylo
    • Salmonella
    • Yersinia
    • Syphilis
    • Leprosy
    • Tuberculosis
• Others ( Malaria, Filariasis, Mycoplasma, Schistosomiasis)

5. Gold

Symptoms And Signs–

General

1. Proteinuria
2. Hematuria
3. Reduced glomerular filtration rate
4. Hypoproteinemia
5. Edema( hands and ankles- at the end of the day; around the eyes –early morning)