DIABETES

CAUSES—

Type 1 IDDM—

1.  Type 1 diabetes is usually a progressive autoimmune disease, in which the beta cells that produce insulin are slowly destroyed by the body’s own immune system.               

• Genetics

                       At least 18 genetic locations, labeled IDDM1 – IDDM18, are related

• Viral infections

                        Enteric viruses- Coxsackie viruses ;mumps and congenital rubella                                    

• Age

                        Appears between infancy and the late 30s, most typically in childhood or adolescence

• Race

                 Found among Caucasian youth

• Early infancy illness
• Diabetic father

• Mother age>30 years
• Mother having pre-eclampsia during pregnancy

• Autoimmune disorders

                                     Grave’s disease, Hashimoto’s, thyroiditis, Addison’s disease, Multiple sclerosis, or Pernicious anemia

CAUSES—

Type 2 NIDDM 

                  Type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance, in which the body does not properly use insulin.

• Genetic—

Genetic mutations likely affect parts of the insulin gene and various other physiologic components involved in the regulation of blood sugar.

• Poor diet–

Diets high in refined foods and sweets

low in fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein

• Sedentary lifestyle
• Overweight or obese
• Old age–

               Diabetes is more common in people age 50 or older

• High alcohol intake
• Race–

                    African- American, Hispanic/Latin American, American-Indian, Alaska Native, Asian-American.

• High blood pressure
• Gestational diabetes
• Baby birth weight> 9 pounds
• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• Acanthosis nigricans (dark, thickened skin around neck or armpits)

• Blood vessels diseases
• Depression

                       Severe clinical depression may modestly increase the risk for type 2 diabetes.            

• Schizophrenia.