You know what is meant by diabetes mellitus? Diabetes mellitus is derived from the Greek word diabetes meaning siphon – to pass through and the Latin word mellitus meaning honeyed or sweet.
Diabetes is a chronic disease marked by high levels of sugar in the blood. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas to control blood sugar. Diabetes can be caused by too little insulin, resistance to insulin, or both. The pancreas does not make enough insulin.The muscle, fat, and liver cells do not respond to insulin normally.
Types Of Diabetes
There are three main types of diabetes-
- Type 1 diabetes
- Type 2 diabetes
- Gestational diabetes
CAUSES—
Type 1 IDDM—
- Type 1 diabetes is usually a progressive autoimmune disease, in which the beta cells that produce insulin are slowly destroyed by the body’s own immune system.
- Genetics
At least 18 genetic locations, labeled IDDM1 – IDDM18, are related
- Viral infections
Enteric viruses- Coxsackie viruses ;mumps and congenital rubella
- Age
Appears between infancy and the late 30s, most typically in childhood or adolescence
- Race
Found among Caucasian youth
- Early infancy illness
- Diabetic father
- Mother age>30 years
- Mother having pre-eclampsia during pregnancy
- Autoimmune disorders
Grave’s disease, Hashimoto’s, thyroiditis, Addison’s disease, Multiple sclerosis, or Pernicious anemia
CAUSES—
Type 2 NIDDM
Type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance, in which the body does not properly use insulin.
- Genetic—
Genetic mutations likely affect parts of the insulin gene and various other physiologic components involved in the regulation of blood sugar.
- Poor diet–
Diets high in refined foods and sweets
low in fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Overweight or obese
- Old age–
Diabetes is more common in people age 50 or older
- High alcohol intake
- Race–
African- American, Hispanic/Latin American, American-Indian, Alaska Native, Asian-American.
- High blood pressure
- Gestational diabetes
- Baby birth weight> 9 pounds
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Acanthosis nigricans (dark, thickened skin around neck or armpits)
- Blood vessels diseases
- Depression
Severe clinical depression may modestly increase the risk for type 2 diabetes.
- Schizophrenia.
Symptoms And Signs—
A. IDDM(type1)
- Being very thirsty
- Deep, rapid breathing
- Dry skin and mouth
- Feeling hungry
- Feeling tingling in feet
- Feeling tired
- Flushed face
- Fruity breath odor
- Having blurry eyesight
- Increased urination
- Losing weight without trying
- Nausea or vomiting
- Stomach pain
B. NIDDM(TypeII)
- Acanthosis, characterized by velvety, dark colored patches of skin
- Blurred vision
- Erectile dysfunction in men
- Excessive thirst
- Fatigue
- Increased urination
- Itching
- Severe gum problems
- Unusual sensations(tingling or burning, in the extremities)
- Vaginal yeast/ fungal infections under the breasts/in groin in women
- Weight gain in children
- Weight loss in adults
Investigations–
- FBS
- RBS
- Glycosylated hemoglobin or hemoglobin A1c
- Oral glucose tolerance test
- Urine c/e —especially for ketone bodies.
Treatment—
A. Type 1 diabetes
1. Medicines
2. Eating a consistent, healthy diet according to weight and size
B. Type 2 diabetes
1. Lose weight, if obese and begin an exercise program.
2. Oral medication
3. Eat a healthy diet
4. Engage in moderate physical activity
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